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Background: Hartmann's procedure (HP) is used in surgical emergencies such as colonic perforation and colonic obstruction. "Temporary" colostomy performed during HP is not always reversed in part due to potential morbidity and mortality associated with reversal. There are several contributing factors for patients requiring a permanent colostomy following HP. Therefore, there is still some discussion about which technique to use. The aim of this study was to evaluate perioperative variables of patients undergoing Hartmann's reversal using a laparoscopic and open approach. Methods: The multicenter retrospective cohort study was done between January 2009 and December 2019 at 14 institutions globally. Patients who underwent Hartmann's reversal laparoscopic (LS) and open (OS) approaches were evaluated and compared. Sociodemographic, preoperative, intraoperative variables, and surgical outcomes were analyzed. The main outcomes evaluated were 30-day mortality, length of stay, complications, and postoperative outcomes. Results: Five hundred and two patients (264 in the LS and 238 in the OS group) were included. The most prevalent sex was male in 53.7%, the most common indication was complicated diverticular disease in 69.9%, and 85% were American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) II-III. Intraoperative complications were noted in 5.3% and 3.4% in the LS and OS groups, respectively. Small bowel injuries were the most common intraoperative injury in 8.3%, with a higher incidence in the OS group compared with the LS group (12.2% vs. 4.9%, p < 0.5). Inadvertent injuries were more common in the small bowel (3%) in the LS group. A total of 17.2% in the OS versus 13.3% in the LS group required intensive care unit (ICU) admission (p = 0.2). The most frequent postoperative complication was ileus (12.6% in OS vs. 9.8% in LS group, p = 0.4)). Reintervention was required mainly in the OS group (15.5% vs. 5.3% in LS group, p < 0.5); mortality rate was 1%. Conclusions: Laparoscopic Hartmann's reversal is safe and feasible, associated with superior clinical outcomes compared with open surgery.
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Abstract Introduction: Autoimmune pancreatitis is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis, with an estimated prevalence of 1 case per 100 000 inhabitants in the general population. It is characterized by the presence of painless obstructive jaundice and imaging findings of a diffusely enlarged pancreas and loss of its lobularity. Depending on its features, it can be classified as subtype 1 or 2, and its diagnosis is reached based on imaging, serological, and histological findings, as well as the patient's response to corticosteroid therapy, which in turn is the indicated treatment for this disease. Case presentation: A 62-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department of a quaternary care hospital in Bogotá D.C. due to generalized jaundice associated with choluria and acholia. Upon admission, the patient was assessed by the general surgery and gastroenterology services and diagnosed with autoimmune pancreatitis based on immunoglobulin G4 levels and imaging and laboratory findings compatible with this disease. He was successfully treated with corticosteroids, obtaining satisfactory clinical outcomes and a complete resolution of symptoms. Conclusions: Autoimmune pancreatitis is a disease that should be suspected in patients with symptoms of painless obstructive jaundice, thus avoiding misdiagnoses and providing timely treatment that allows the resolution of symptoms and proper management of the disease.
Resumen Introducción. La pancreatitis autoinmune es una forma de pancreatitis crónica poco frecuente, con una prevalencia estimada de 1 caso por cada 100 000 habitantes en la población general. Se caracteriza por la presencia de ictericia obstructiva indolora y hallazgos imagenológicos de un páncreas aumentado de tamaño con forma difusa y pérdida de su lobularidad. Se clasifica en subtipo 1 o 2, dependiendo de sus características, y el diagnóstico se realiza de acuerdo con los hallazgos imagenológicos, serológicos, histológicos y la respuesta a la corticoterapia, que a su vez es el tratamiento indicado para esta enfermedad. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 62 años quien ingresó al servicio de urgencias de un hospital de cuarto nivel de atención en Bogotá D.C., Colombia, por cuadro clínico de ictericia generalizada acompañada de coluria y episodios de acolia. Fue valorado por el servicio de cirugía general en conjunto con gastroenterologia y diagnosticado con pancreatitis autoinmune basándose en los niveles de inmunoglobulina G4 y los hallazgos imagenológicos y de laboratorio compatibles con esta enfermedad. El paciente fue tratado de manera exitosa con terapia corticoide, logrando resultados clínicos satisfactorios y resolución de la sintomatologia. Conclusiones. La pancreatitis autoinmune es una enfermedad que debe sospecharse en pacientes con sintomatologia de ictericia obstructiva indolora, evitando de esta forma diagnósticos erróneos y brindando un tratamiento oportuno que permita la resolución de los síntomas y un manejo adecuado de la enfermedad.
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Resumen En la trombocitopenia autoinmune primaria hay formación de autoanticuerpos contra las membranas plaquetarias causando destrucción plaquetaria esplénica y compromiso clínico consistente en petequias, hemorragias y trombocitopenia. Cuando falla el manejo médico con corticoides e inmunoglobulinas está indicada la realización de esplenectomía, que funciona para remisión parcial de la enfermedad persistente. Realizar la esplenectomía hace necesario el estudio de un bazo accesorio o material esplénico recurrente, que comúnmente se asocia con la pobre respuesta a tratamiento y recaídas de la enfermedad. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 27 años y antecedentes de trombocitopenia autoinmune primaria quien requirió esplenectomía, con adecuada evolución postoperatoria y remisión de los síntomas por dos años. Posteriormente, presentó recaída clínica y paraclínica, con plaquetas en 11 000 cel/uL, en contexto de trombocitopenia severa sintomática, presencia de gingivorragia, petequias en los miembros inferiores y el abdomen. Se realizó búsqueda activa de bazo supernumerario por medio de estudios complementarios, los cuales evidenciaron bazo accesorio localizado en el ligamento gastro cólico, que fue resecado por vía laparoscópica, con adecuada respuesta y remisión sintomática de la trombocitopenia autoinmune primaria refractaria. En pacientes esplenectomizados con púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática que tengan recaída de su enfermedad se requiere búsqueda activa de bazos supernumerarios, puesto que es una causa frecuente de su reaparición.
Abstract In primary autoimmune thrombocytopenia there is formation of autoantibodies against the splenic platelet membranes causing platelet destruction with clinical deterioration consisting of petechiae, haemorrhages and thrombocytopenia. When the medical management with corticoids and immunoglobulins fails, it is indicated the accomplishment of splenectomy that works for partial remission of the persistent disease. Performing splenectomy requires the study of an accessory spleen or the recurrent splenic material, that is commonly associated with poor response to treatment and frequent relapses of primary autoimmune thrombocytopenia. A case is presented in a 27-year-old patient with a history of primary autoimmune thrombocytopenia requiring splenectomy, with adequate postoperative evolution and remission of symptoms for two years who later presents clinical and paraclinical relapse with platelets at 11,000 cells/uL in the context of severe symptomatic thrombocytopenia, with the presence of gingivorrhagia, petechiae in the lower limbs and abdomen. Active search of supernumerary spleen was performed by means of complementary studies that showed an accessory spleen located in the gastrocolic ligament, which was resected by laparoscopy with adequate symptomatic remission response of the refractory primary autoimmune thrombocytopenia. In splenectomized patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who have relapsed their disease, they require an active search for supernumerary spleens since it is a frequent cause of their reappearance.
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Reconstruction of the digestive tract is a surgical challenge; we propose a novel and successful alternative using a large vascularized pedicled jejunum anastomosed to the cervical esophagus in an emergency situation. A 65-year-old female patient in follow-up due to a gigantic type IV paraesophageal hernia, whom underwent surgical hernial defect correction, had friable gastric tissue and esophageal lesions that forced an urgent esophagojejunostomy. Immediate post-operative recovery had no incidents and during the outpatient follow-up no complications were reported. This case report represents a paradigm change in the impossibility of raising the vascularized pedicled jejunum to the neck in an emergency situation.
La reconstrucción del tracto digestivo es un reto quirúrgico. Proponemos una alternativa novedosa y exitosa utilizando un gran yeyuno pediculado vascularizado anastomosado al esófago cervical en situación de emergencia. Una paciente de 65 años en seguimiento por una hernia paraesofágica tipo IV requirió corrección quirúrgica del defecto herniario; tenía tejido gástrico friable y lesiones esofágicas que forzaron una esofagoyeyunostomía urgente. La recuperación posoperatoria inmediata no tuvo incidentes y el seguimiento ambulatorio no mostró complicaciones. Este reporte de caso rompe el paradigma de la imposibilidad de ascender el yeyuno pediculado vascularizado al cuello en una situación de emergencia.
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Esofagoplastia , Hernia Hiatal , Anciano , Anastomosis Quirúrgica , Femenino , Gastrectomía , Hernia Hiatal/cirugía , Humanos , Yeyuno/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Type 2 myocardial infarction (MIT2) is characterized by higher mortality rates compared to conventional type 1 infarction according to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2018. The purpose of this case is to identify appropriate therapeutic measures. A case of an Amyand's Hernia that produced an MIT2 is described in this work. CASE REPORT: A 77-year-old male was admitted to our emergency department for acute abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant associated with the presence of an ipsilateral inguinal hernia with signs of peritoneal irritation, while complaining of chest pain. A positive troponin indicated the presence of myocardial infarction. A laparotomy was performed with the finding of an incarcerated right inguino-scrotal hernia that contained the gangrenous and perforated cecal appendix (Amyand hernia type 3). The treatment consisted of surgical correction of the hernia, an appendectomy, antibiotics and support in the intensive care unit with a positive outcome. The diagnosis of Amyand hernia type 3 was established intraoperatively, and by imaging, confirming the presence of an MIT2 according to the criteria of the fourth definition of ECS infarction. CONCLUSION: In the surgical environment it is strange to find patients who present with acute abdominal pain and a myocardial infarction at the same time. It is necessary for the consultant to recognize these two entities to make a correct diagnosis and provide timely treatment to reduce any possibility of patient mortality.
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Introduction: Chemical fertilizers for agriculture can negatively affect the communities of soil invertebrates that contribute to nutrient cycling, nutrient availability, soil formation and fertility. As an alternative, previous work has suggested that green fertilizers (fresh tissue from plants) are effective to preserve soil fertility, without affecting the ecological properties of invertebrate communities. Objective: This work aimed to evaluate how green fertilizers affect the ecological structure of an invertebrate community in an andisol from Southwestern Colombia. Methods: Fresh leaves from seven plant species locally sown and grown in March 2018 were used as the fertilizers by incorporating and mixing them with the soil in 24 experimental subplots. After 45 days of incorporation, the abundance, richness, biomass and diversity of soil invertebrates were measured in three replicate soil cores per subplot and at three depths. Results: Comparing against a control treatment with no fertilization, the richness and abundance of soil invertebrates were up to 14-fold higher in treatments with Alnus jorullensis and Brassica napus, and up to 5-fold higher in treatments with Vicia sativa, Lupinus mutabilis, Plantago lanceolata and Medicago sativa. Diversity indices showed a shift from high dominance by one or a few invertebrate families in the control treatment, to a high diversity and greater evenness in the A. jorullensis, P. lanceolata and M. sativa treatments. Biomass was negatively correlated with richness and abundance, suggesting a possible ecological trade-off worth to evaluate in further research. Conclusions: In general, our results demonstrate that the application of green fertilizers in this Andean environment can significantly improve the ecological status of soil invertebrate communities. These communities ultimately provide the ecological functions for soil dynamics; thus, agroecology practices should consider them as a valuable alternative to balance production and conservation.
Introducción: Los fertilizantes químicos para la agricultura afectan negativamente a las comunidades de invertebrados, las cuales contribuyen al ciclaje, disponibilidad de los nutrientes y a la formación y fertilidad del suelo. Como alternativa, investigaciones previas han sugerido que los abonos verdes (tejido fresco de plantas) son efectivos para conservar la fertilidad del suelo, posiblemente sin afectar los invertebrados. Objetivo: Evaluar como la aplicación de abonos verdes al suelo afecta cuantitativamente estas propiedades en una comunidad de macrofauna edáfica de un andisol al suroccidente de Colombia. Métodos: El follaje fresco de siete especies de plantas sembradas y cultivadas localmente durante marzo 2018 fue utilizado como abono verde, el cual fue incorporado y mezclado con el suelo superficial en 24 subparcelas experimentales. Después de 45 días de aplicar los abonos, se midió la abundancia, riqueza, biomasa y diversidad de la comunidad de invertebrados. Resultados: En comparación a un tratamiento testigo la riqueza y abundancia de invertebrados fue 14 veces más alta en tratamientos con A. jorullensis y B. napus, y cinco veces más alta en tratamientos con V. sativa, L. mutabilis, P. lanceolata y M. sativa. Los índices de diversidad mostraron un cambio desde una dominancia por una o pocas familias de invertebrados en el testigo, a una alta diversidad y equitatividad en los tratamientos con A. jorullensis, P. lanceolata y M. sativa. La biomasa estuvo correlacionada negativamente con la riqueza y la abundancia, sugiriendo un posible trade-off, en este sentido se sugiere que sea estudiada en futuras investigaciones. Conclusiones: En general, estos resultados demuestran que la aplicación de abonos verdes en estos suelos andinos puede mejorar significativamente la presencia de macroinvertebrados en el suelo.
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BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal alterations in the United States. Medication induced AP has been undervalued in the surgical environment as etiologic entity of necrohemorragic pancreatitis (NHP). A case of NHP induced by valproic acid (VA) is presented, and an exclusion diagnostic algorithm is proposed. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old female with past medical history of migraine controlled with VA was admitted to our institute for acute abdominal pain and peritoneal irritation. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding pancreatic necrosis and a diagnosis of NHP was determined. The most frequent etiologies for AP were discarded. An exclusion diagnostic algorithm was performed reaching VA as etiologic gent. The treatment consisted on medication withdrawal, oral restriction, parenteral nutrition, hydration, analgesia and peritoneal wash-outs with a positive outcome. CONCLUSION: Is convenient to consider a medication induced AP in patients without clear causative agent, such as the VA case presented. An etiological diagnosis algorithm of exclusion is proposed, for an adequate therapeutic approach in medication induced PNH. Algorithm validation is required.
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INTRODUCTION: The gastrostomy is one of the most common procedures performed in general surgery. Although a simple procedure, it is not exempted from potential complications, specifically portal venous gas and intestinal pneumatosis being some of the ones with higher rates of mortality. The following case report presents a pneumoperitoneum due to extensive pneumatosis from esophageal, gastric, intestinal and portal gas. These rare complications were managed medically without undergoing emergency surgical intervention. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 19-year-old male patient, with previous history of cerebral palsy, chronic malnutrition and severe physical deconditioning, required a nutritional access. Due to co-existing pathologies, an open gastrostomy was chosen as the best intervention, which was performed without complications. On the tenth postoperative day, patient presents abdominal pain and diarrhea; laboratory results were within normal limits, and the abdominal computed tomography scan reported extensive pneumatosis compromising esophagus, stomach, small intestine, part of the colon, pneumoperitoneum and gas in the portal venous system. Medical management was carried out with an adequate recovery. DISCUSSION: Intestinal pneumatosis and portal venous gas are rare and potentially lethal complications. Surgical intervention as well as severe malnutrition impairs carbohydrate digestion and promotes bacterial fermentation forming large volumes of gas and dissection of the intestinal mucosal wall, causing the intestinal pneumatosis evidenced in this case report. CONCLUSIONS: This case report presents a rare open gastrostomy complication, as well as a differential diagnosis to pneumoperitoneum. Additionally, the medical management poses a successful alternative to an emergency surgical intervention.
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RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar los resultados de los abordajes abiertos y laparoscópicos en esplenectomía de pacientes con patología esplénica de origen hematológico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal, teniendo como fuente de datos el registro institucional de las esplenectomías abiertas y laparoscópicas realizadas en la Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología entre 1996 y 2016. Se evaluaron variables preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias; se compararon la tasa de complicaciones, tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y la necesidad de re-intervención entre los dos abordajes. Resultados: se evaluó la información de 202 pacientes, 137 (68 %) tuvieron abordaje abierto, el 61% fueron hombres y la mediana de edad fue 39,5 años (P25-P75 27,7-58,0). La principal indicación de cirugía fue púrpura trombocitopénica refractaria a manejo con corticoides. Se identificó mayor tiempo quirúrgico (mediana=129 minutos) y menor sangrado (mediana=100 cc P25-P75 50-200) en el abordaje laparoscópico, versus el abordaje abierto (mediana=60 minutos; mediana=250 cc P25-P75 50-500, respectivamente) (p<0,001). Las complicaciones intraoperatorias fueron similares en ambos grupos (p=0,065), la tasa de conversión en el grupo laparoscópico fue de 26,1 %, asociada a esplenomegalia. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al requerimiento de transfusión, estancia hospitalaria o necesidad de re-intervención entre los grupos. La tasa de complicaciones posoperatorias fue de 10,2 % en el grupo de esplenectomía abierta y 7,6 % en el grupo de laparoscópica. Conclusiones: la esplenectomía laparoscópica, es un procedimiento seguro que presenta beneficios respecto al abordaje abierto en el manejo de enfermedades hematológicas, en términos de sangrado intraoperatorio y es equiparable en identificación de bazos supernumerarios, complicaciones intraoperatorias y tiempo de hospitalización.
SUMMARY Objective: To compare laparoscopic and open splenectomy in patients with hemorrhagic splenic pathology. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, based on an institutional registry of open and laparoscopic splenectomies performed at Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología between 1996 and 2016. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were assessed; the rate of complications, surgical time, hospital length of stay and the need for reoperation were compared between the approaches. Results: Information of 202 patients was assessed. Open approach was performed in 137 patients (68 %), 61% were men and the median age was 39.5 years (P25-P75 27.7-58.0). Thrombocytopenic purpura refractory to management with corticosteroids was the main indication for surgery. A longer surgical time (median=129 minutes) and less bleeding (median=100 cc P25-P75 50-200) for laparoscopic approach versus open approach (median=60 minutes; median=250 cc P25-P75 50-500, respectively) was identified (p<0.001). Intraoperative complications were similar in both groups (p=0,065), the conversion rate in laparoscopic group was 26.1 %, it was secondary to splenomegaly. No statistically significant differences were found in the two groups in the need for transfusion, hospital length of stay or reoperation. The rate of postoperative complications was 10.2 % for open splenectomy and 7.6 % for laparoscopic. Conclusions: Laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe procedure that offers benefits in relation to the open approach for the management of hematological diseases in terms of intraoperative bleeding and is comparable in the identification of supernumerary spleens, surgical complications, and hospitalization time.
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Humanos , EsplenectomíaRESUMEN
Las hernias internas corresponden de 0,2 a 0,9 % de todos los casos de obstrucción intestinal. De ellas, el 8 % son hernias del hiato de Winslow. Este tipo de hernia se asocia frecuentemente a obstrucción intestinal y a algún grado de isquemia. Su diagnóstico prequirúrgico es difícil y se da en menos del 10 % de los casos. Su manejo es quirúrgico y la mortalidad está alrededor del 50 % cuando existe compromiso vascular. Se han descrito cuatro tipos de hernias del hiato de Winslow, dependiendo del órgano comprometido. Se presenta el caso de una paciente que ingresó al servicio de urgencias con dolor abdominal de inicio súbito, progresivo, asociado a náuseas, emesis y compromiso de su estado general. Fue sometida a laparotomía exploratoria. Se encontró una hernia del hiato de Winslow, con necrosis isquémica del íleon terminal, el ciego y el colon ascendente, por lo cual requirió resección intestinal, con ileostomía y fístula mucosa. Durante el posoperatorio necesitó soporte en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y, posteriormente, en salas de hospitalización, y fue dada de alta una vez su condición clínica se estabilizó.
Internal hernias constitute 0.2% - 0.9% of all cases of intestinal obstruction. Of these, hernias through the foramen of Winslow represent about 8%. This type of hernia is often associated with intestinal obstruction and some degree of ischemia. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult and occurs in less than 10% of cases. Treatment is surgical and mortality rate is about 50% when there is vascular compromise. Four types of hernias through the foramen of Winslow are described depending on the organ involved. We report the case of a 73 year old female who was admitted to the emergency department with sudden progressive abdominal pain associated with nausea, emesis, and systemic compromise evidenced by metabolic acidosis and hyperlactatemia. At exploratory celiotomy a large hernia through the foramen of Winslow with ischemic necrosis of the terminal ileum, cecum and ascending colon was encountered, requiring bowel resection, ileostomy and mucous fistula. The patient required initial support in the ICU and was discharged once the clinical condition was stable.
